![a negative blood type ethnicity a negative blood type ethnicity](https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/vary/images/map_of_B_blood_in_the_world.gif)
Pearson's Chi-square test was used to see the correlation between gender and blood groups/types. In case of doubt, the test was confirmed by reverse grouping, using known group A and B cells.16 SPSS 16.0 was used for data analysis descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages of ABO and Rh blood groups, were calculated. Blood was mixed thoroughly with the antiserum and rocked gently for 1 minute to observe agglutination.
![a negative blood type ethnicity a negative blood type ethnicity](https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/vary/images/map_of_O_blood_in_the_world.gif)
Germany) was added and mixed with each blood drop using plastic stirrer. Blood drops were placed on a cleaned tile at three places, then a drop of antiserum A, B and anti-D (SeracloneTM R by Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. Blood grouping of ABO and Rh typing were performed through conventional slide agglutination (antigen-antibody) method. Venous blood sample was collected from each participant through venepuncture, using 5ml disposable syringe which was emptied into the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (Purple top) Vacutainer tubes. After approval from the institutional review board, convenient sampling was employed to raise the sample and subjects from Balochi, Pathan, Mohajir, Sindhi, Kutchi, Punjabi, Memon, Hindko, Bengali and Seraiki ethnic groups were enrolled after taking consent. The antenatal attendees were included because blood grouping services from the clinical laboratory was mostly availed by pregnant women who came on antenatal visits. The retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Kharadar General Hospital (KGH), Karachi, from May to Dec 2017, and comprised antenatal patients and walk-in male individuals of different ethnic groups who were tested at the hospital's clinical laboratory. The current study was planned to determine the distribution pattern of ABO and Rh blood groups among different ethnic groups living in Karachi. Previous studies 9-15 on distribution pattern of blood groups in Pakistan did not report ethnicity in relation to blood groups distribution pattern. 8 Karachi has most diversified population and Kharadar General Hospital, located in the old city area, caters to nearly all representative ethnic groups. Karachi ranks 6th among the 10 most populated cities of the world, with a population density of 14.9 million.
![a negative blood type ethnicity a negative blood type ethnicity](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/OtN7IrclLV8/maxresdefault.jpg)
Therefore, there was a need to determine the distribution pattern of ABO and Rh blood groups in different ethnic populations of Karachi. The knowledge of distribution pattern of ABO and Rh blood groups at local and regional levels is very important in the effective management of blood banks and safe blood transfusion services. 6,7 The frequencies of ABO blood groups vary from one population to another, and time to time in the same region distribution of these blood groups is different in different races. 4,5Moreover, studies have found associations between certain diseases and the ABO and Rh blood group systems. In addition, these two systems are well established in population genetic studies, population migration patterns, deciding forensics and disputed paternity issues. 3 ABO and Rh blood group systems are important for safe blood transfusion and organ transplantation purposes. In 1941, the Rhesus (Rh) blood group system was defined having Rh-positive and Rh negative streams based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances, like proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins and glycolipids, on the surface of the red blood cells (RBCs). 2 Blood groups are classified into types A, B, AB and O in the ABO system. 1 Later, the fourth type AB was added in 1902. The ABO system was the first human blood group system, discovered in 1901. Keywords: Blood groups, ABO, Rhesus factor, Ethnic groups, Distribution pattern. Blood group Opositive was predominant in Balochi 381(41%), Mohajir 197(36%), Sindhi 147(38%), Hindko 39(44%) and Seraiki14(43.8%) groups, while B-positive was common among Pathan 207(35%), Punjabi 116(35%), Kacchi 123(37%), Memon 79(37%) and Bengali 20(36%) groups.Ĭonclusion: O positive was the most common and AB negative was the least common blood groups among different ethnic populations of Karachi. Blood groups typing was carried out using Slide Agglutination (antigen-antibody) method with antisera anti-A, anti-B, and anti-D. Methods: The retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Kharadar General Hospital, Karachi, from May to Dec 2017, and comprised antenatal and walk-in individuals of different ethnic groups who were tested at the hospital's clinical laboratory. Objective: To determine the distribution pattern of ABO and Rhesus blood groups among different ethnic populations in an urban centre.